Iea hydrogen outlook

Iea hydrogen outlook. Energy investment in the STEPS reaches an annual average of USD 130 billion by 2030 and in the SDS it reaches USD 190 billion. Its objective data and dispassionate analysis provide critical insights into global energy supply and demand in different scenarios and the implications for energy security, climate targets and economic development. For technologies, global averages are presented. Outlooks for gas markets and investment - Analysis and key findings. Against a backdrop of geopolitical tensions and fragile energy markets, this year’s report explores how structural shifts in economies and in energy use are shifting the way that the world meets rising demand for Convert between units of energy, mass and volume commonly used in the energy sector. This new IEA special report, Electricity Grids and Secure Energy Transitions , offers a first-of-its-kind global stocktake of the world’s A high point for global energy-related CO2 emissions is reached in the STEPS in 2025, at 37 billion tonnes (Gt) per year, and they fall back to 32 Gt by 2050. When urea fertiliser is applied to soil, it breaks down again into ammonia and CO2, with the latter released into the atmosphere. Mar 16, 2023 · The Annual Energy Outlook 2023 (AEO2023) explores long-term energy trends in the United States. Unabated fossil fuels include hydrogen produced with CO2 capture for utilisation without storage, such as in urea synthesis. Overview Tracking Programmes. The use of hydrogen as an energy carrier and fuel cells as motive devices in transportation and energy distribution systems are possible solutions. Demand for low-emissions hydrogen and hydrogen-based fuels should grow quickly in the next Between 2016 and 2020, annual average energy investment in Southeast Asia was around USD 70 billion, of which around 40% went to clean energy technologies – mostly solar PV, wind and grids. About this report. Announced cumulative electrolyser manufacturing capacity output, if fully realised, would be 80% of the NZE level in 2030. Task 41 Special Project. Feb 5, 2015 · Nuclear power is an important low-emission source of electricity, providing about 10% of global electricity generation. Higher electricity sector investment enables these reductions, rising from an annual average of USD 860 billion in 2017-2021 to about USD 1. The Global Hydrogen Review and updated data tools will be launched in a webinar event on 31 October at 09:00 – 10:00 (CET). 5°C pathway, aligned with the Paris Agreement, and four bottom-up energy transition scenarios. Wind and solar PV each surpass nuclear electricity generation in 2025 and 2026 respectively. Oct 26, 2023 · Hydrogen bulls have taken a beating recently, with the International Energy Agency (IEA) cutting demand for the fuel in key forecasts and oil major Shell announcing job cuts and reduced scale in Kenya Energy Outlook. Hydrogen could contribute to China’s energy system decarbonisation Africa could produce 5,000 megatonnes of hydrogen a year, equivalent to “global total energy supply today,” the IEA says. • Hydrogen can empower the large-scale applications of renewable energy. About 600 million people – 43% of Africa’s population – currently don’t have access to electricity. 1% in the 2026-30 period, slightly above the average for emerging market and developing economies. Against a backdrop of geopolitical tensions and fragile energy markets, this year’s report explores how structural shifts in economies and in energy use are shifting the way that the world meets rising demand for Chile’s energy policy has evolved dynamically in recent years. 6°C to 2. The 2018 edition provides updated analysis to show what the latest data, technology trends and policy announcements might mean for the energy sector to 2040. Net zero means a huge decline in the use of fossil fuels. Most of the increase came from traditional uses in refining and industry, though Hydrogen is an energy carrier that partly offers the advantages of fossil fuels – flexibility and energy density – with potentially a low carbon footprint. These interactive maps present the levelised cost of hydrogen (LCOH) production from solar PV and onshore wind. The WEO is the energy world’s most The production of hydrogen from biomass needs additional focus on the preparation and logistics of the feed, and such production will probably only be economical at a larger scale. Ammonia is the starting point for all mineral nitrogen fertilisers, forming a bridge between the nitrogen in the air and the food we eat. The Appendix in this report explains our assumptions around IRA Executive Summary. World Energy Outlook 2021 - Analysis and key findings. This is because around half of the chemical sector’s energy input is consumed as feedstock – fuel used as a raw material input rather than as a source of energy. Natural gas with carbon capture, utilisation and storage (CCUS) is currently the lowest-cost production route for low-carbon fuels. Ammonia production accounts for around 2% of total final energy consumption and 1. This new Outlook provides a strong evidence base to guide the choices that face energy decision makers in pursuit of transitions that are rapid, secure, affordable and inclusive. 2. The first is regulatory, concerning how hydrogen will be defined as renewable and how additionality will be implemented. A worldwide database of hydrogen projects. Power gen- The United States included generous new funding for solar PV in the Inflation Reduction Act (IRA) introduced in 2022. Data and assumptions. There are two key uncertainties in the forecast for dedicated renewable capacity expansion in Europe. Solar PV capacity increases 20-fold between now and 2050, and wind power 11-fold. IEA. Low-emissions hydrogen and hydrogen-based fuels will need to play an important role in transitioning to a net-zero energy system, as shown in the recent update of the IEA’s Net-Zero Emissions by 2050 Roadmap. In 2019 hydrogen production in the region required more natural gas than Chile’s total gas supply, and released more CO 2 into the atmosphere than In emerging market and developing economies, emissions peak soon and then decline by over 1% annually in the STEPS to 2050 and 6% in the APS. In 2022, Chile’s Ministry of Energy published an update to its the Long-Term Energy Policy (PELP 2015 2023 2030 0 2 4 6 8. H4. 1 Developers are awaiting clarity on how electricity from the grid will be monitored to qualify hydrogen production as renewable. The APS also assumes that all country-level targets for access to electricity and clean cooking are achieved on time and in full. This would be associated with a rise of around 2. A report by the International Energy Agency. Renewable Gases – Hydrogen in the Grid. This report provides estimates of the sustainable potential for biogas and biomethane supply, based on a detailed assessment of feedstock availability and production costs across all regions of the world. 4. Combining historical analysis with projections to 2030, the report examines key areas of interest such as electric The chemical sector is the largest industrial energy consumer but only the third largest industry subsector in terms of direct CO 2 emissions. Notes. Most of the increase came from traditional uses in refining and industry, though Nov 11, 2021 · Africa Energy Outlook 2019 is the IEA’s most comprehensive and detailed work to date on energy across the African continent, with a particular emphasis on sub-Saharan Africa. In the STEPS, rising demand for diesel and kerosene means markets are likely to remain very tight for a number of years. It is developed with the support of the members of the Electric Vehicles Initiative (EVI). The number of announced projects for low-emission hydrogen production is rapidly expanding. Published January 2006. Renewable and low-carbon hydrogen has continued to grow since 2020 but remains below 1% of global hydrogen production. In response to changes in the domestic and international environment, significant institutional and policy reforms as well as major infrastructure projects have been carried out. Africa could supply the whole world with affordable low-carbon energy in the form of hydrogen, a new report Apr 23, 2019 · The International Energy Agency is preparing a major new study to assess the state of play for hydrogen, its economics and potential. 5% of global final energy consumption. They fall from almost four-fifths of total energy supply today to slightly over one-fifth by 2050. This edition presents detailed country-level energy and climate scenarios for corporates, financial institutions and policy Clean energy transitions also offer new employment opportunities for workers in the region, with energy jobs set to increase by over 15% to 2030, notably in clean energy technologies and in the critical mineral sector. 6 China Hydrogen Industry Outlook In the third global energy transition, hydrogen will be playing an important role. In support of that important effort, the IEA is bringing together all of its latest data and analysis on clean energy transitions in one place, making it freely accessible to citizens, governments, and industry. Early actions outlined in the Strategy can Nov 30, 2023 · Dubai time: 4 December 2023, 18:00-19:00. 1 day ago · The Global Hydrogen Review is an annual publication by the International Energy Agency that tracks hydrogen production and demand worldwide, as well as progress in critical areas such as infrastructure development, trade, policy, regulation, investments and innovation. Africa Energy Outlook 2019 is the IEA’s most comprehensive and detailed work to date on energy across the African continent, with a particular emphasis on sub-Saharan Africa. IEA Bioenergy TCP. Latest findings. By the end of 2023, China’s installed electrolyser capacity is expected to reach 1. Moreover, the region is home to the largest industrial ports in Europe, where much of this hydrogen demand is located, and presents a well By comparison, in 2021 biodiesel, renewable diesel and biojet, expand well beyond 2019 levels, albeit from a low base for biojet. The majority of the growth in low-carbon hydrogen production is from water electrolysis using clean electricity, supported by 3 300 gigawatts (GW) of electrolysers (from Ammonia may also serve as a low-carbon energy vector in the future, but that application is not considered within the core analytical scope of this technology roadmap. For each location and its hourly solar PV and onshore wind capacity factors, the cost-optimal capacities for solar PV, wind and electrolysers as well as the need About this report. 1. In the IEA Net Zero by 2050 Scenario, this average fleet emissions intensity reaches 6‑7 kg CO 2 ‑eq/kg H 2 by 2030 and falls below 1 kg CO 2 ‑eq/kg H 2 by 2050. Global hydrogen demand by sector in the Net Zero Scenario, 2020-2030 - Chart and data by the International Energy Agency. Sep 26, 2023 · Net Zero Roadmap: A Global Pathway to Keep the 1. The report is an output of the Clean Energy Ministerial Hydrogen Initiative Hydrogen and fuel cells are vital technologies to ensure a secure and CO2-free energy future. iea. The studies offer insightful prospects for the ten member countries of the Comparing our estimates for 2023 with the data for 2021, annual clean energy investment has risen much faster than investment in fossil fuels over this period (24% vs 15%). With annual GDP growth of more than 9% in the AC, Tanzania’s economy could be seven-times larger in 2040 than today, but with an increase in energy demand limited to 150% driven by fuel efficiency gains. Finance and investment. Ammonia production is responsible for May 3, 2020 · The clean energy sector of the future needs both batteries and electrolysers. For those countries where it is accepted, it can complement renewables in reducing power sector emissions while also contributing to electricity security as a dispatchable power source. The Energy Technology Perspectives series is the IEA’s flagship technology publication, which has been key source of insights on all matters relating to energy technology since 2006. Latin America Energy Outlook 2023 - Analysis and key findings. These form the basis on an outlook for biogas and biomethane supply and demand up to 2040, based on the scenarios presented in the annual Realising the agenda laid out in this WEO represents a huge opportunity to change the global energy system in a way that improves people’s lives and livelihoods. Photo-electrolysis is at an early stage of development, and material costs and practical issues have yet to be solved. Substantial cuts in CO 2 emissions are essential to get on track with the NZE Scenario, under which emissions intensity falls by about a quarter by 2030. Mt H2 = million tonnes of hydrogen. Already, an estimated 3/5 of Africa’s thermal (gas and oil) power plants are at high or very high risk of disruption Meanwhile, countries are adding renewable energy projects at a fast pace – requiring more power lines to connect them and high-functioning electricity grids to ensure reliable supplies for end customers. 5 °C Goal in Reach. This book provides the reader with an authoritative and objective analysis of policy responses and hurdles and business opportunities. Against the backdrop of turbulent markets and a crucial meeting of the COP26 conference on climate change in Glasgow, the 2021 World Energy Outlook (WEO) provides an indispensable guide to the opportunities, benefits and risks ahead at this vital moment for clean energy transitions. Low-Emission Fuels. In 2024, wind and solar PV together generate more electricity than hydropower. Licence: CC BY 4. Another 40 projects accounting for more than 35 GW of capacity are in early stages of Global hydrogen production by technology in the Net Zero Scenario, 2019-2030. The reforms aim to strengthen infrastructure deployment and resilience, include a major focus on clean energy manufacturing, improving CCUS is one of the two main ways to produce low-carbon hydrogen. Energy system of United States. In its new World Energy Outlook 2022 (WEO) report, released yesterday, the IEA says that only 450 million tonnes would be needed — a 15% reduction compared to last year’s . Published October 2022. • Hydrogen is a key pathway to achieve carbon neutrality, as the energy releasing process of hydrogen is carbon free. The updated data show that the number of announced projects for low-emissions hydrogen production has grown rapidly in the past year, but progress is still hampered due to cost challenges and uncertainty about demand. Renewable diesel demand in the United States and Asian biodiesel demand are responsible for the majority of this growth. The Global EV Outlook is an annual publication that identifies and discusses recent developments in electric mobility across the globe. Low-emission hydrogen production can grow massively by 2030 but cost challenges are hampering deployment. The plan targets green hydrogen production using renewable feedstock resources to reach 100000-200000 Jan 11, 2024 · The report also provides a reality check on the momentum behind renewable-based hydrogen, assessing how many announced projects are likely to go ahead. Most of the increase came from traditional uses in refining and industry, though demand for new applications grew to about 40 thousand The Global Hydrogen Review is a new annual publication by the International Energy Agency to track progress in hydrogen production and demand, as well as in other critical areas such as policy, regulation, investments, innovation and infrastructure development. The price of lithium-ion batteries – the key technology for electrifying transport – has declined sharply in recent years after having been developed for widespread use in consumer electronics. In virtually all the IEA countries, important R&D and policy efforts on hydrogen and fuel cells are in place and expanding. 6 trillion in the Create a free IEA account to download our reports or subcribe to a paid service. Ensure new projects are focused in priority sectors and increase geographical diversity of demonstration projects. In 2022, installed capacity in China grew to more than 200 MW, representing 30% of global capacity, including the world’s largest electrolysis project (150 MW). This book draws primarily upon information contributed by IEA governments. But Africa’s energy investment in that period is still only around 5% of the global total in the IEA’s Net Zero Emissions by 2050 Scenario. The TCPs are organised under the auspices of the International Energy Agency (IEA), but the TCPs are functionally and legally autonomous. The World Energy Outlook 2023 provides in-depth analysis and strategic insights into every aspect of the global energy system. Hydrogen produced from fossil fuels with CCU refers to ammonia production in which captured CO2 is used to produce urea fertiliser. 9-1. These energy transition scenarios examine outcomes ranging from warming of 1. Increase efforts to establish proactive knowledge-sharing platforms and processes between lead projects. Latin America’s industrial and oil refining sectors required more than 4 Mt of hydrogen in 2019 (around 5% of global demand), mainly to produce ammonia, methanol, steel and refined oil products. The IEA produced these datasets as part of efforts to track advances in low-emissions hydrogen technology. The report builds on the Jan 10, 2024 · The Global Energy Perspective 2023 models the outlook for demand and supply of energy commodities across a 1. The United States introduced major energy and climate policy reforms which put the country on a path towards a clean, secure and affordable energy system for a net zero economy. Hydrogen. January, 2022. Building on its important partnership with Southeast Asia, the International Energy Agency (IEA) has published these studies on a regular basis since 2013. Governments in many countries have adopted policies encouraging Hydrogen and carbon capture, utilisation, and storage (CCUS) are set to play important and complementary roles in meeting People’s Republic of China’s (hereafter, “China”) pledge to peak carbon dioxide emissions before 2030 and achieve carbon neutrality before 2060. Four large-scale shifts in the global energy system set the scene for the World Energy Outlook 2017: the rapid deployment and falling costs of clean energy technologies, the growing electrification of energy, the shift to a more services-oriented economy and a cleaner energy mix in China, and the resilience of shale gas and tight oil in the United States. The assumptions annex collects the various assumptions that underpin the IEA's analysis on hydrogen. 9°C by 2100 (scenario descriptions outlined below in The share of energy investment in Africa’s GDP rises to 6. Global capacity of electrolysers, which are needed to produce hydrogen from electricity, doubled over the last five years to reach just over 300 MW by mid-2021. As a storehouse of low-carbon energy, it offers a means to integrate high shares of variable renewable electricity into the energy system. Tanzania primary energy demand and GDP in the Stated Policies Scenario, 2010-2040. The emissions intensity of hydrogen produced with The Chinese government laid out a medium- and long-term development plan for hydrogen, for the period 2021-2035. Of all the projects announced worldwide to use renewables to produce hydrogen this decade, only 7% of the proposed capacity is expected to come online by 2030. Uniquely, it covers technologies for the full range of hydrogen supply, storage, distribution, transformation and end-user applications Aug 5, 2022 · As the IEA’s Africa Energy Outlook highlights, green hydrogen has four advantages: zero footprint, scalability, cost-efficiency from modular deployment technologies and resilience against reserve depletion/ climate impacts. An increasingly numerous and affluent global Executive summary. China targets to bring 50000 hydrogen fuel-cell vehicles on the road by 2025 and to build a number of hydrogen refuelling stations. It includes detailed energy profiles of 11 countries that represent three-quarters of the region’s gross domestic product and energy demand. Electrolysers are a critical technology for the production of low-emission hydrogen from renewable or nuclear electricity. Hydrogen - Analysis and key findings. Energy system. Nov 17, 2023 · Our interactive global map features operational and announced projects to produce low-emissions hydrogen, classified by technology route and status, from concept to operation. As part of the IEA’s Low-Emission Gases Work Programme, this year’s report includes a section on the medium-term outlook for biomethane, low-emissions hydrogen and e-methane. The International Energy Agency works with countries around the world to shape energy policies for a secure and sustainable future. Electrolysis capacity for dedicated hydrogen production has been growing in the past few years, but the pace slowed down in 2022 with about 130 MW of new capacity entering operation, 45% less than the This flagship publication of the IEA has appeared every year since 1998. Low-carbon and renewable hydrogen production reached 0. IEAGHG. The Hydrogen TCP is part of a network of autonomous collaborative partnerships focused on a wide range of energy technologies known as Technology Collaboration Programmes or TCPs. The report is an output of the Clean Energy Ministerial Hydrogen Initiative (CEM H2I Sep 23, 2021 · The Hydrogen TCP is part of a network of autonomous collaborative partnerships focused on a wide range of energy technologies known as Technology Collaboration Programmes or TCPs. However, several analyses in the Future of Hydrogen present regional examples, for which costs will vary with material and labour inputs and differ from the global average. The Hydrogen Production Projects Database covers all projects commissioned worldwide since 2000 to produce hydrogen for energy or climate change-mitigation purposes. In 2025, renewables surpass coal to become the largest source of electricity generation. CCUS = carbon capture, utilisation and storage; FID = final The Hydrogen Valley Platform had identified 83 projects from 33 countries by July 2023. License CC BY 4. The analysis does not present a single view of the future but instead explores different scenarios that reflect The New Energy Outlook (NEO) is BloombergNEF’s long-term scenario analysis on the future of the energy economy covering electricity, industry, buildings and transport and the key drivers shaping these sectors until 2050. Demand for aviation and marine fuel and power generation includes hydrogen that is converted to make low Sep 22, 2022 · More efforts needed. 3% of CO2 emissions from the energy system. Dedicated hydrogen production today is primarily based on fossil fuel technologies, with around a sixth of the global hydrogen supply coming from “by-product” hydrogen, mainly in the petrochemical industry. The analysis does not present a single view of the future but instead explores different scenarios that reflect Nov 17, 2023 · Map the levelised cost of hydrogen from solar and wind energy worldwide. 7 Mt in 2022, compared with 70-125 Mt/yr required by 2030. CCU = carbon capture and use. It shows that most projects to date are concentrated in Europe and Australia, but a growing number are planned in Africa, China, India, Latin America and the United States. As demand rebounded in 2022 and oil product exports from Russia and China have fallen, refining margins surged to record highs. The Global Hydrogen Review is an annual publication by the International Energy Agency that tracks hydrogen production and demand worldwide, as well as progress in critical areas such as infrastructure development, trade, policy, regulation, investments and innovation. Investment and production tax credits will give a significant boost to PV capacity and supply chain expansion. Today, this region concentrates around 5% of global hydrogen demand and 60% of European demand. 2 GW – 50% of global capacity – with another new world record-size electrolysis project (260 The usual long-term modelling horizons are kept but the focus for the World Energy Outlook 2020 is firmly on the next 10 years, exploring in detail the impacts of the Covid-19 pandemic on the energy sector, and the near-term actions that could accelerate clean energy transitions. Ammonia makes an indispensable contribution to global agricultural systems through its use for fertilisers. IEA data and tools to track hydrogen • Updated “Hydrogen Production Projects Database” and new “Hydrogen Infrastructure Projects Database” – now online https://www. But as the IEA Technology Roadmap: Hydrogen and A worldwide database of hydrogen projects. 0. Hydrogen demand reached 94 million tonnes (Mt) in 2021, recovering to above pre-pandemic levels (91 Mt in 2019), and containing energy equal to about 2. In December 2020, Canada published the Hydrogen Strategy for Canada, designed to spur investments in hydrogen production and use, and create partnerships that establish Canada as a global supplier of hydrogen. CCS = carbon capture and storage. The IEA collected this data as part of efforts to track advances in the production of low-emissions hydrogen. Around 350 projects currently under development could bring global capacity up to 54 GW by 2030. Due to be published in mid-June, the report will be a key contribution to Japan’s 2019 Presidency of the G20. The analysis targets the key uncertainties facing the energy Hydrogen demand is growing, with positive signals in key applications. 9/kg) for hydrogen and USD 12-24/GJ (USD 230-440/t) for ammonia in regions with access to low-cost natural gas and availability of CO 2 storage. Feasibility study on achieving deep decarbonization in worldwide fertilizer production. Low-emissions hydrogen production. ETP-2023 will be an indispensable guidebook for decision-makers in governments and industry seeking to tap into the opportunities offered by the emerging new About this report. Our new analysis highlights how the period of intense volatility in fossil fuel markets caused by the Russian Federation’s (hereafter “Russia”) invasion of Ukraine has Global refining capacity fell in 2021 for the first time in more than 30 years. Global hydrogen use in the Sustainable Development Scenario increases sevenfold to 520 megatonnes (Mt) by 2070. The north-western European region 1 is well placed to lead hydrogen adoption as a clean energy vector. Solar becomes the largest source, accounting for one-fifth of energy supplies. Towards hydrogen definitions based on their emissions intensity is a new report by the International Energy Agency, designed to inform policy makers, hydrogen producers, investors and the research community in advance of the G7 Climate, Energy and Environmental Ministerial meeting in April 2023. The Southeast Asia Energy Outlook 2022 is the fifth edition of this World Energy Outlook Special Report. 5 °C in global average temperatures by 2100. This study, which combines the expertise of the International Energy Agency and the European Patent Office, is the most comprehensive, global and up-to-date investigation of hydrogen-related patenting so far. Beyond the medium-term outlook, the report provides a thorough review of recent market developments ahead of the 2023-2024 winter season in the Northern Hemisphere. Since we released the last AEO in early 2022, passage of the Inflation Reduction Act (IRA), Public Law 117-169, altered the policy landscape we use to develop our projections. Total global hydrogen production stood at 95 Mt in 2022. The World Energy Outlook (WEO) is the gold standard of long-term energy analysis. India installed 18 GW of solar PV in 2022, almost 40% more than in 2021. Data explorer. The combined demand for these fuels in 2021 is up 15%, or 7 billion litres, from 2019 levels. Cost estimates for 2030 are generally in the range of USD 8-16/GJ (USD 0. In 2028, renewable energy sources account for over 42% of global Oct 28, 2022 · In May 2021, the International Energy Agency (IEA) forecast that 530 million tonnes of hydrogen would be required by 2050 if the world was to reach net-zero emissions. This paper explores the uncertainty around natural gas using insights from the scenarios underpinning the World Energy Outlook 2022, as well as a selection of other global scenario-based assessments. A wave of investment in a sustainable future must be driven by an unmistakeable signal from Glasgow. Join for free Potential hydrogen demand for heating in buildings and spread of competitive energy prices in selected markets, 2030 Oct 29, 2021 · This year marks the finalisation of the first global stocktake of the Paris Agreement, which assesses the world’s collective progress against its climate goals. The report is an output of the Clean Energy Ministerial Hydrogen Initiative (CEM H2I Hydrogen demand is growing, with positive signals in key applications. The outlook for exporters of fossil fuels and low-emissions fuels, such as hydrogen, is shaped by what full implementation of all targets means for global demand. Fuel cells, refuelling equipment and electrolysers (which produce hydrogen from electricity and water) can all benefit from mass manufacturing. 3. 2 trillion in 2022-2050 in the STEPS, USD 1. Total CO 2 emissions from the iron and steel sector have risen over the past decade, largely owing to increases in steel demand. org/data-and-statistics/data-product/hydrogen-projects-database The Global Hydrogen Review is a new annual publication by the International Energy Agency to track progress in hydrogen production and demand, as well as in other critical areas such as policy, regulation, investments, innovation and infrastructure development. March, 2022. Nov 17, 2023 · This provides a snapshot of progress on hydrogen production, with data on almost 2 000 projects that are either already in operation or have been announced. Some are fully-integrated, government-funded programs 2015 2023 2030 0 2 4 6 8. Researchers have found that clean hydrogen still costs too much to enable it to be widely deployed. It is also an option for producing low Hydrogen is expected to form a key plank of Canada’s pathway to meeting its net-zero goals. It also outlines an integrated way to meet multiple sustainable development goals: limiting the global The average emissions intensity of global hydrogen production in 2021 was in the range of 12-13 kg CO 2 ‑eq/kg H 2. About 70% of ammonia is used for fertilisers, while the remainder is used for IEA analysis finds that the cost of producing hydrogen from renewable electricity could fall 30% by 2030 as a result of declining costs of renewables and the scaling up of hydrogen production. zh zx zl ch zx ag ml el lu pu