Stun server google. Mar 6, 2020 · Follow the steps for STUN Servers; If STUN fails, an end-user will create a connection with a TURN server, inform all peers to send data to the server, which is in charge of transferring data to You don't have permission to access this content. stunserver --mode full --primaryinterface 100. The hostname or IP address of a remote STUN server. Second, STUN usually works over UDP. Nov 25, 2023 · In this article we are going to consider Google STUN server and complete list of free and public stun and TURN servers. -- Calvin Walton <calvin@kepstin. Edges use port 19302 to access Google’s STUN servers to get external IP addresses. com 19302. For more information, look up what STUN and TURN do. e name/password as part of the url. Router related problems can lead to a wide range of issues, including one-way or lost audio, no dial or ring tones, intermittent loss of registration, and problems making or receiving calls. Dec 27, 2023 · If you do not specify STUN (Session Traversal Utilities for NAT) servers, the platform defaults to Google's public STUN servers. Below is another MDN diagram which shows how TURN works. com:19302. 使用 Nov 9, 2023 · The STUN server is crucial in obtaining server-reflexive candidates, which is one type of ICE candidate necessary for establishing the connection. TURN password. sudo apt-get install stuntman-server. After that selecting on that click on Gather candidates button as shown below. Mar 17, 2016 · Teams. I was planning to use the open-source TURN server. 143. Focus on a TURN A useful NAT type checker with STUN protocol, base JS. Cloud NAT also provides destination network address Open Relay is a free TURN server provided by Metered Video that you can use in your WebRTC applications. However, for TURN I believe we also need to pass credentials. Linux distros may have a version of coturn which you can install by. Jun 11, 2018 · to meetecho-janus. com 19302 with command # # stunclient --mode full --localport 30000 stun. Mar 13, 2024 · As of today google stun servers are not working properly. May 17, 2021 · turn-stun-servers. com Mar 18, 2024 · If Endpoint-Independent Mapping is enabled, Public NAT is compatible with common NAT traversal protocols such as STUN and TURN if you deploy your own STUN or TURN servers: STUN (Session Traversal Utilities for NAT, RFC 5389) allows direct communication between VMs behind NAT when a communication channel is established. Jul 3, 2017 · 3. If you want to try testing with a specific TURN/STUN server that is not the default Google, you can find a list of STUN servers here: STUN + TURN May 19, 2017 · This application is working successfully on Tomcat. example. If you prefer to use a specific STUN server: STUN is often made freely available because it's a very lightweight service. Jun 17, 2014 · The Google STUN server is something you can freely use for development purposes, but, as a free service, there is no SLA. Otherwise you'll see no relay candidates in chrome and edge as TRUSTED BY THOUSANDS OF THE WORLD'S TOP COMPANIES. The Open Relay runs on port 80 and 443 to bypass corporate firewalls, many corporate/enterprise firewall only allow port 80 or 443, it also Add this topic to your repo. It is a server-client protocol for assisting devices behind a NAT firewall or router with their packet routing. Mar 8, 2020 · Setup STUN/TURN server using Coturn. stun. I think, however, that the better idea is to embrace IPv6 as soon as possible. Tidak ada transmisi data yang dilewatkan melalui STUN Server. 2. The answers that it sends out also include the public IP address from which the request was sent. Mar 18, 2024 · Cloud NAT is a distributed, software-defined managed service. It's only used to find your IP address. It can establish a external direct connection via UDP hole punching technology even if you not open your server to the World. The stun. For testing, Google runs a public STUN server, stun. net. If you read the source code of the simple-peer npm package you will realize that it currently uses. But about 10-20% of users may need to configure additional settings for external access if mobile phone or go2rtc server behing Symmetric NAT. 10. STUN Server. Jan 31, 2020 · Tổng quan về Stun server mà bạn cần biết. RFC 5389 redefines the term STUN as ‘Session Traversal Utilities for NAT’. Source code for STUN and TURN servers is available on GitHub, where you May 16, 2012 · Ivan Vučica. STUN (Session Traversal Utilities for NAT; originally Simple Traversal of User Datagram Protocol (UDP) through Network Address Translators) is a standardized set of methods, including a network protocol, for traversal of network address translator (NAT) gateways in applications of real-time voice, video, messaging, and other interactive communications. Certain types of NATs, like symmetric NATs, dynamically assign ports for outbound traffic and are not easily handled by STUN alone. The tool tries out your TURN server functionality by creating a peer connection featuring your TURN server information and then starts gathering candidates for the WebRTC session. Feb 16, 2017 · Just to note - removing all of the stun servers from the turn-stun- servers. NAT thực hiện việc mở cổng cho phép thông tin quay lại mạng. One way to still test your TURN server is to install turnutils_uclient with sudo apt install coturn or your respective package manager. properties has a stun. TURN server infrastructure for powering WebRTC applications and services. Just follow these on a Linux host: sudo apt-get update. Nov 1, 2021 · By default the tool uses stun:stun. karena tugasnya yang cukup ringan, ada beberapa STUN Server yang dapat anda gunakan gratis, salah satunya milik Google. If you test just a single TURN/UDP server, this page even allows you to detect when you are using the wrong credential to authenticate. You are able to make calls because IP addresses determined by STUN are part of only some ICE candidates when establishing the connection. turnserver --log-file stdout. STUN server responds with mapped IP address 10. ca> BigBlueButton Developer We would like to show you a description here but the site won’t allow us. Apr 3, 2017 · While the initial binding request isn’t taxing (though still more expensive on our TURN server than the query sent to the STUN server), the real issue is the media that gets relayed. You received this message because you are subscribed to the Google Groups "discuss-webrtc" group. 127; stun1. In my case there will be 100 group call room should run parallel and it does recording. Click Add Server to add the server details to the tool. Here you can find the following steps to install and configure the Coturn server. Dec 27, 2018 · アクセスするとICE serversには自動でSkyWayのSTUNとTURNの情報が入りますので、Gater candidatesをクリックするだけです。尚、ICE optionsでrelayをデフォルト設定にしています。STUNサーバを利用した候補を収集したい場合は、allを選択して下さい。 Jan 20, 2016 · I have own setup STUN server in AWS whats minimum requirement of hardware required for STUN server. 168. Cloud NAT configures the Andromeda software that powers your Virtual Private Cloud (VPC) network so that it provides source network address translation (source NAT or SNAT) for resources. Would have to search dev or setup group for it. It also includes backwards compatibility for RFC 3489. That ends up being over 50MB in Jun 12, 2018 · import stun nat_type, external_ip, external_port = stun. 5, port 7205) will connect to the STUN server and adopt its IP address (209. Jan 4, 2022 · Even Google doesn’t give us a free TURN server to use. P2P网络要求通信双方都能主动发起访问,但是 NAT 设备的存在,却阻断了这种主动访问,导致P2P应用无法正常运行。. 217. Removing a STUN/TURN A tool named stuntman can create a simple STUN server for you. STUN stands for Session Traversal Utilities used for NAT (Network Address Translation). The STUN server is contacted on UDP port 3478, however the server will also ask clients to perform tests on a secondary IP and port number also associated with the server. An ICE server is a STUN or TURN server considered by a WebRTC RTCPeerConnection for self discovery, NAT traversal, and/or relay. There are two types of requests; Binding Requests which are typically sent over UDP, and Shared May 29, 2017 · I am facing issues with specifying TURN and STUN both servers, I am using google's open stun server stun4. Author: User. zolia added this to Icebox in Engineering via on Jan 27, 2020. Oct 6, 2020 · Step 3 - Testing TURN server. telnet stun. 這些資訊將被用於建立客戶終端與voip服務商之間的udp通信,以便實現通話。stun協定在rfc 3489中予以定義。 雖然是在udp 埠3478連接stun伺服器,但會暗示客戶終端在另外一個ip和埠號上實施測試(stun伺服器有兩個ip位址)。rfc 規定這個埠和ip是隨意的。 Feb 19, 2015 · STUN may not work correctly for all users. Apr 20, 2021 · Here, as default and after bbb-install. 103. STUN servers are used by both clients to determine their IP address as visible by the global Internet, or, at least, by the STUN server itself. Oct 9, 2018 · STUN, by default, works on UDP ports, not TCP. com server works on UDP port 19302. org, which held the greatest lead at 69 samples (6%), with the immediate runner up at 56 samples (5%). If you prefer to use a specific STUN server: Jul 10, 2018 · Sometimes, you can use a protocol called STUN (Session Traversal Utilities for NAT) that allows clients to discover their public IP address and the type of NAT they are behind. 一个使用STUN协议且基于JS的可用的NAT类型检查工具. Jan 11, 2021 · There's a difference between a STUN and a TURN server, Google provides free STUN servers to use, while it's not recommended for an app because you want to have control when things go wrong, it's definitely fine for a small project that's for learning if that's your case and can reduce your project complexity. 0. sh has been run, a stun server is configured. stun. sipgate. Stun là giao thức mạng giữa Client và Server. apt install coturn. 101. After that you should not see any IPV6-related messages at all because the server cannot generate IPv6 address information for any purpose. The functionality of STUN and TURN servers can be tested using the Trickle ICE. Of course, you can set your own stun server there as well, but afaik this is not recommended. A STUN server has nothing to do with the audio quality. It's not based on proxy VMs or appliances. for its public IP discovery needs. 100) and port (8667) for external connections. 204. com:19302', 'stun:global. " GitHub is where people build software. xten. Sep 30, 2021 · The STUN protocol defined by RFC is used to discover NAT devices located along the path between two communicating parties and to obtain post-NAT IP addresses and port numbers of the communicating parties. com:3478'. There are free public STUN servers out there, e. com on port 19302. I get the following response: telnet: connect to address 74. If no response is found you will get "Blocked" as the nat_type and None for external_ip and external_port. To associate your repository with the stun-server topic, visit your repo's landing page and select "manage topics. I know I should use DNS rather fixed IP. But WebRTC only uses the UDP mode. Your app fails to work in case of firewall because just stun server is insufficient in case of Feb 27, 2009 · ok, si lo tengo el stun server con las 2 ip publicas, bueno por motivo de seguridad estoy con el stun server que implemente,pero ahora eso tampoco se, si el stun server tiene que venir publicado asi no maj sin ningun firewall por delante de el, o que necesito para poder hacer funcionar mi stun server con un servidor asterisk que lo tengo May 4, 2023 · Session Traversal Utilities for NAT (STUN) is a protocol to discover your public address and determine any restrictions in your router that would prevent a direct connection with a peer. 127, but since 21/09/2021 it seems Google changed the IP of DNS stun. Nov 7, 2014 · import stun nat_type, external_ip, external_port = stun. webRTC check if stun server is beeing used. Q&A for work. Therefore, a STUN server automatically tells you what your public IP address is. LAN PCAP (SIP 200 OK) Again, without STUN or session helper/ALG , in this pcap client would have added its own IP address and port for the SDP Feb 23, 2019 · The same is true when the client talks to the STUN server, which is why the STUN server can respond with the public IP address/port Is this right? It seems to me that the way the two peers can then talk to each other is to hijack the open connection between the peer and STUN server: The peer opens a connection to the STUN server. Sep 30, 2014 · Analysis of STUN servers listed in the Stop Malvertising report that were employed by malware over the past year revealed that the most popular was stunserver. g. Posted by VoIP Info , on September 20, 2005. com:19302, as used by appr. This information is used to establish the media connection. zolia added the component:node label on Jan 27, 2020. com. In STUN or TURN URI write your turn or stun server url and click on add server,after clicking on that the you can see your turn/stun server in the box. Then, a P2P channel traversing NAT devices can be set up between two communicating parties for communication. Learn more about Teams Oct 17, 2022 · Intro to STUN and TURN Servers. I noticed that in Janus. ini as shown below. 0. Any guys have some Jul 22, 2015 · telnet stun. In many countries mobile service providers are completely A STUN (Session Traversal Utilities for NAT) server is a software program that runs on a server or other computing device and answers incoming requests. WAN PCAP (Bind response) Response is sent to the client, Now Client-1 constructs SIP 200 OK packet based on the STUN response. There was a post earlier this year, where someone got both stun/turn on 443 and disabled encryption. Same thing happens to other google STUN server in list. com:19302 server), expect it to go down from time to time as you have no control or an SLA for it; STUN is usually deployed with TURN servers. 125. Default Configuration. The STUN/TURN servers will be used in the order they appear in the list. Vermutlich wieder einmal ein Bug :- (. Connect and share knowledge within a single location that is structured and easy to search. The RFC states that this port and IP are arbitrary. Could anyone suggest whats hardware requirement for Kurento and STUN server. Sep 14, 2009 · The STUN Protocol. Khi Stun Client sẽ gửi yêu cầu đến Stun server sau đó Stun server sẽ gửi trả cho Stun Client thông tin địa chỉ IP công khai của NAT Router. 'stun:stun. xml? Can you doublecheck? Pypo > -- STUN (Simple Traversal Of UDP Through NAT) Tiếp theo là STUN nhé, mấy cái khái niệm này rất quan trọng, nắm chắc thì khi implement rất dễ dàng STUN thì các bạn cứ tạm hiểu là khi một máy chủ nào xài NAT ( behind NAT) thì STUN server sẽ giúp cho client đó biết được địa chỉ IP và Port Note: the conf/network. WebRTC has several JavaScript APIs — click the links to see demos. and I have also specified it in the javascript client using following: Jan 27, 2020 · implement STUN like service, each consumer / provider behind NAT to resolve port asymmetry. Client supports automatic request retransmissions. Read more >. com 3478. Auf diesem Weg „erfährt“ die pfSense, wie sie öffentlich erreichbar ist. 103 should be replaced by your IP address) Open This Link to test your STUN server. An example public STUN server runs at stun. It looks like Google servers are violating the RFC 5389 spec. Using Google stun server, available. The STUN Mar 19, 2021 · 架設TURN server (coturn). Jan 27, 2021 · The standard listening port number for a STUN server is 3478 for UDP and TCP, and 5349 for TLS, assume you have to make some config changes in coturn config have not tried. implement multi port wide range port punching for symmetric NAT traversal. STUN Port. address= entry, but this is only used to verify the IP address of the server itself and does not affect the client validation process. However, STUN is not a one-size-fits-all solution to NAT traversal. For access, try contacting the group's owners and managers If you are subscribed to this group and have noticed abuse, report abusive group. Currently I am using Google's STUN server. twilio. stunServerPort=19302. google. i. 102. In the following articles we explain in detail what the STUN protocol is, its purpose, explain STUN . Install stun-server Using apt-get. – Jan 1, 2024 · It can automatically detects your external IP via public STUN server. Apr 19, 2022 · Some ICE Candidates gathered using the STUN server provided by Google. That said, I think there's a number of advantages and disadvantages to operating your own TURN servers. MediaRecorder: record audio and video. STUN doesn’t cost much to operate, which is why there are various free servers you can connect to. Table 1 summarizes the malware counts associated respective STUN server usage. Step 1: Firewall rules to Open ports: 1. If you test a TURN server, it works if you can gather a candidate with type "relay". Google provides the following Free STUN servers for public use. WebRTC is an open source project to enable realtime communication of audio, video and data in Web and native apps. Reflexive Transport Address: A transport address learned by a client that identifies that client as seen by another host on an IP network, typically a STUN server. If you take a simple WebRTC video session that gets limited to 500kbps or so, then a 15 minute session will end up eating. Mit dem Google-STUN-Server klappt das, mit anderen STUN-Servern nicht. In most cases, a STUN server is only used during the connection setup and once that session has been Jul 6, 2022 · Enable retrieving the external IP address and detecting the NAT type by using a remote STUN server. A list Installing / Getting started. Or run coturn using docker container: docker run -d -p 3478:3478 -p 3478:3478/udp -p 5349:5349 -p 5349:5349/udp -p 49152-65535:49152-65535/udp coturn/coturn. TURN is used when a direct connection between the peers isn't possible using the STUN method. Google STUN server All these servers are working when I tested them. Pypo Aug 30, 2020 · 1 Answer. 242. RTCPeerConnection: stream audio and video between users. If you set external ip config option in this file to your external ip and remove stun server entry bbb-conf should stop "complaining". stunServerAddress= stun4. Jun 30, 2020 · You can add stun servers and/or turn servers. The library that we are using for WebRTC will fall back to using Google's STUN server if you don't provide anything else. The STUN protocol is defined in RFC 3489. There are a few public STUN servers available, including: stun. Developer on Alibaba Coud: Build your first app with APIs, SDKs, and tutorials on the Alibaba Cloud. Disable IPv6 on the server if it is Linux. Use any client-side technology with our global iceServers: STUN and TURN server hosting. You could try specifying --protocol tcp on the stunclient command line to see if that makes any difference. SingleComm's usage: At SingleComm, we use port 19302, and use Google's STUN servers. 它允许网络设备找出通信端点经NAT设备后的IP地址和端口号,并利用这些信息在通信 Apr 11, 2018 · 序言:七十年代末,一起剥皮案震惊了整个滨河市,随后出现的几起案子,更是在滨河造成了极大的恐慌,老刑警刘岩,带你 The STUN server allows clients to find out their public address, the type of NAT they are behind and the Internet side port associated by the NAT with a particular local port. The STUN server will be free and the TURN server price will depend on your Free stun server available in China (WEBRTC required) Last Update:2017-08-10 Source: Internet. com has address 74. The client will send a request to a STUN server on the Internet who will reply with the client's public address and whether or not the client is accessible If you test a STUN server, it works if you can gather a candidate with type "srflx". Is the AWS EC2 TURN server be able to handle many concurrent connections? Sep 22, 2021 · I was using the Google Stun server by IP 74. Updated in August 2017, I pro-test, domestic available, and very fast! WEBRTC is an indispensable link. Update apt database with apt-get using the following command. For instance, a local device (IP address 192. 2 and port 64416. Apr 24, 2020 · How to self-host to not rely on WebRTC STUN server stun. tc. Dec 9, 2021 · 什么是STUN?. If you are deploying a commercial application, you should plan to deploy your own STUN/TURN servers. Something that could affect latency/network quality is a TURN server as it is a relay server where data passes through. If no response is found you will get “Blocked” as the nat_type and None for external_ip and external_port. STUN is a network protocol used to retrieve the public IP address (or Transport address) of a device behind NAT so that the device can communicate after knowing stunを使用するホスト間で通信を行い始める際に、stunクライアントはインターネット上のstunサーバにリクエストを送る。stunサーバは、双方のstunクライアントのそれぞれのリクエストに対し、他方のパブリックipアドレスとポート番号とを返す。 RFC 8489 STUN February 2020 Transport Address: The combination of an IP address and port number (such as a UDP or TCP port number). To understand how these servers help in establishing a connection, let us first try to understand what a STUN server and a TURN server does. Is the AWS EC2 TURN server be able to handle many concurrent connections? stunprotocol has been identified as containing spam, malware, or other malicious content. Figure 8:Trickle ICE. you will be able to see. Can you maybe post yours? My first guess would be that you didn't put a "stun://" before your stun server's hostname in the turn-stun-servers. The UDP port on which the STUN server is Feb 15, 2023 · Die pfSense kontaktiert den Server. More than 100 million people use GitHub to discover, fork, and contribute to over 420 million projects. sudo apt-get update. com has address 172. (which the 100. com:19302"}]}; var pc = new RTCPeerConnection (pc_config); I don't want to relay on a public or 3rd party STUN server, like above. For a production STUN/TURN service, use the rfc5766-turn-server. If you capture packets using wireshark you'll see that its flooded with "Authentication failed" for stun protocol. com:19302 Turn server: you can create your own on AWS EC2. 127 See full list on developers. For most customers Mar 24, 2021 · # Warning: Failed to verify STUN server at stun. 127: Operation timed out. 192. These work for simple NATing scenarios where private IP is linkedin to a public IP in a network such as Telecom provided networks (4G) or majority of Wifi networks. Jul 15, 2019 · Due to the STUN protocol, the local IP PBX is able to communicate with an external SIP-based VoIP device through the intermediary STUN server. com:19302 (Optional) If you are using a TURN server, you will be required to enter the credentials into the TURN Username & Turn Password text box. Yestday only I created one and it’s working in my application. Hey, I need to create my own turn server because I'm going to use it on a production app. getUserMedia (): capture audio and video. For my limited use client I'm seeing XOR-MAPPED-ADDRESS attribute replies regardless of the client initiation type. You can then subsequently test it with (replace XXXX and turn. com:19302? 0. cfg there is an option to provide the URL of the stun-server via ;stun_server= "FQDN of stun server". A STUN client (typically embedded in VoIP software, such as an IP PBX or IP Phone) sends a request to a STUN server to discover its public IP and port(s), and the STUN server returns a response. com server, which can broadcast the address to other clients. STUN is a client-server protocol. Package stun implements Session Traversal Utilities for NAT (STUN) ( RFC 5389 ) protocol and client with no external dependencies and zero allocations in hot paths. STUN是一种解决P2P应用NAT穿越问题的常用技术。. 最近工作上需要開發webrtc ,雖然 google 有提供免費的STUN server ,但是真正在生產環境中,僅僅是靠STUN server來實現P2P轉發是不夠的,在對等NAT 下的客戶端是無法透過STUN來連線的,這時候我們就需要架設TURN server了。 Sep 20, 2005 · STUN. Introduction. telnet: Unable to connect to remote host. The Open Relay TURN server is highly available, reliable and offers both STUN and TURN Capabilities. I can't speak for the others. Advantages: Dec 7, 2018 · 要するにStun ClientがStun Serverに送ったメッセージの宛先IPアドレスとポート番号とは完全に別のところから送られた通信を受信できるかどうかを試せば良い。このことをStun Serverに伝えるため、CHANGE-REQUESTというAttributeにフラグを立ててStun Serverに送信する。 Jul 9, 2020 · STUN server hanya bertugas memberikan informasi network path guna mengidentifikasi external address yang digunanakan oleh komputer untuk melakukan port-mapping. com 19302 # A test with If you deployment also consists of users external to your network, like people working from home, then you will likely need a STUN server to help negotiate the Audio and Video sessions. Troubleshooting. static-auth-secret=XXXX. About. Stun server: stun. All groups and messages Oct 1, 2019 · Since chrome and edge are not appending any realm your TURN server will not be able to authenticate. l. Jan 15, 2017 · Then the client sends its STUN-discovered address to other services, such as the chat. ICE servers Yes, Genesys recommends that port 19302 be open for Edges using WebRTC; however, it is not required. Dieser schickt im Antwortpaket die öffentliche IP und den Port, über den er die Anfrage erhalten hat. com, which anyone can use. conf. This information is used to set up UDP communication between the client and the VoIP provider to establish a call. The fix is to provide a realm in your TURN server configuration. If port 19302 is not open, Genesys Cloud will use Genesys Dec 20, 2019 · As I said, the scanning technique uses WebRTC ICE servers. xml file does *not* disable STUN. xml or maybe even a working configuration which isn't correctly parsed by bbb-conf. 2. In some rare circumstances, using the public Google STUN service helps establish calls more quickly. The STUN Protocol, or Session Traversal Utilities for NAT, can assist devices behind a NAT firewall or router with routing UDP packets. After updating apt database, We can install stun-server using apt-get by running the following command: sudo apt-get -y install stun-server. anjmao changed the title stun like port mapping service STUN A Go implementation of STUN. Jun 16, 2017 · Strictly speaking, just a STUN server will be enough, but TURN will also provide a fallback if your clients are not able to establish a peer-to-peer connection. Accordingly if you are using a free or a public server (like the famous stun. I don't know what happened and how to contact google to fix them. com): turnutils_uclient -T -W XXXX turn. 3 days ago · Stun server: stun. Android WebRTC and STUN issue. TURN potentially involves gigabytes/terabytes/exabytes of network throughput, since it involves relaying streams to facilitate connectivity. via a media server, public host ICE candidate, relay ICE Jun 16, 2015 · STUN is used to resolve the public IP of a device running behind a NAT, to solve problems such as one-way audio during a phone call or phone registration issues when trying to register to a VoIP or an IP PBX residing on a different network. Source code distribution includes a high performance STUN server, a client application, and a set of code libraries for implementing a Nov 4, 2013 · Deploying STUN and TURN servers. com:19302 and I have specified the configuration in Kurento's WebRtcEndpoint. One cheezy idea to try would be to host your own stun server on UDP port 53 (same as DNS) and see if that works. By default, the Sametime MeetingServer is configured to use the Google Public STUN Servers. STUNTMAN is an open source implementation of the STUN protocol ( Session Traversal Utilities for NAT) as specified in RFCs 5389 , 5769, and 5780 . 4 days ago · The STUN protocol is defined in RFC 3489. var pc_config = {"iceServers": [ {"url": "stun:stun. get_ip_info() This will rotate through an internal list of STUN servers until a response is found. TURN (Traversal Using Relays around NAT) servers are only required if you cannot guarantee the IPs / ICE candidates provided will be publicly accessible (e. Since my application will be published to public Tomcat Feb 27, 2015 · use-auth-secret. pa wz dk qx iu ss ex aa rb jc